Copal, the Blood of Trees Ancient American Incense

Copal is a smoky sweet incense derived from tree sap that was used by ancient North American Aztec and Maya cultures in a range of ritual ceremonies. The incense was made from the fresh sap of trees: copal sap is one of the numerous resinous oils which are harvested from the bark of certain trees or shrubs around the world. Although the word copal derives from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word copalli, copal is today used generically to refer to gums and resins from trees throughout the world. Copal made its way into English by way of a 1577 English translation of the Native American pharmacological traditions compiled by the 16th-century Spanish physician Nicolà ¡s Monardes . This article speaks primarily to North American copals; see Tree Resins and Archaeology for further information about other copals. Using Copal A number of hardened tree resins were used as aromatic incense by most pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures for a variety of rituals. Resins were considered the blood of trees. The versatile resin was also used as a binder for pigments used on Maya murals; in the Hispanic period, copal was used in the lost wax technique of making jewelry. The 16th-century Spanish friar Bernardino de Sahagun reported that the Aztec people used copal as makeup, adhesives for masks, and in dentistry where copal was mixed with calcium phosphate to affix precious stones to teeth. Copal was also used as a chewing gum and a medicine for various ailments. A handful of studies have been conducted on the extensive materials recovered from the Great Temple (Templo Mayor) at the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan. These artifacts were found in stone boxes beneath the buildings or directly buried as part of construction fill. Among the copal-associated artifacts were figurines, lumps and bars of copal, and ceremonial knives with copal adhesive at the base. Archaeologist Naoli Lona (2012) examined 300 pieces of copal found at the Templo Mayor, including about 80 figurines. She discovered they had been made with an inner core of copal, which was then covered with a layer of stucco and formed by a double-sided mold. The figurines were then painted and given paper garments or flags. A Variety of Species Historic references to copal use include the Mayan book the Popol Vuh, which includes a long passage describing how the sun, moon, and stars arrived on earth bringing copal with them. This document also makes it clear that the Maya collected distinct types of resin from different plants; Sahagun has also written that Aztec copal also came from a variety of plants. Most often, American copals are resins from various members of the tropical Burseraceae (torchwood) family. Other resin-bearing plants that are known or suspected of being American sources of copal include Hymenaea, a legume; Pinus (pines or pinyons); Jatropha (spurges); and Rhus (sumac). There are between 35–100 members of the Burseraceae family in the Americas. Bursera are highly resinous and release a characteristic pine-lemony odor when a leaf or branch is broken. Various Bursera members which are known or suspected to have been used in Maya and Aztec communities are B. bipinnata, B. stenophylla, B. simaruba, B. grandifola, B. excelsa, B. laxiflora, B. penicillata, and B. copalifera. All of these generate resins suitable for copal. Gas-chromatography has been used to attempt to resolve the identification issue, but it has proven difficult to identify the specific tree from an archaeological deposit because the resins have very similar molecular compositions. After an extensive study on the examples from the Templo Mayor, Mexican archaeologist Mathe Lucero-Gomez and colleagues believe they have identified an Aztec preference for B. bipinnata and/or B. stenophylla. Varieties of Copal Several varieties of copal are recognized in historic and modern markets in Central and North America, partly based on what plant the resin came from, but also on the harvesting and processing method used. Wild copal, also called gum or stone copal, exudes naturally as a result of invasive insect attacks through the bark of the tree, as greyish drops which serve to plug the holes. Harvesters use a curved knife to cut or scrape the fresh drops off the bark, which are combined into a soft round glob. Other layers of gum are added on until the desired shape and size is achieved. The external layer is then smoothed or polished and subjected to heat to enhance the adhesive properties and consolidate the mass. White, Gold, and Black Copals The favored type of copal is white copal (copal blanco or the saint, penca or agave leaf copal), and it is obtained by making diagonal cuts through the bark into the trunk or branches of a tree. The milky sap flows along the channel of the cuts down the tree to a container (an agave or aloe leaf or a gourd) placed at the foot. The sap hardens in the shape of its container and brought to market without further processing. According to Hispanic records, this form of the resin was used as an Aztec tribute, and pochteca traders transported from the outlying subject provinces to Tenochtitlan. Every 80 days, so it was said, 8,000 packages of wild copal wrapped in maize leaves and 400 baskets of white copal in bars were brought into Tenochtitlan as part of a tribute payment. Copal oro (gold copal) is resin which is obtained by the complete removal of the bark of a tree, and copal negro (black copal) is said to be obtained from beating the bark. Processing Methods Historically, the Lacandà ³n Maya made copal from the pitch pine tree (Pinus pseudostrobus), using the white copal method described above, and then the bars were pounded into a thick paste and stored in large gourd bowls to be burned as incense as food for the gods. The Lacandà ³n also fashioned nodules, shaped like maize ears and kernels: some evidence suggests copal incense was spiritually connected to maize for Maya groups. Some of the copal offerings from Chichen Itzas sacred well were painted greenish blue and embedded pieces of worked jade. The method used by the Maya Chorti included collecting the gum, letting it dry for a day and then boiling it with water for some eight to ten hours. The gum rises to the surface and is skimmed off with a gourd dipper. The gum is then placed into cold water to harden somewhat, then shaped into round, elongated pellets about the size of a cigar, or into disks about the size of a small coin. After it becomes hard and brittle, the copal is wrapped into corn shucks and either used or sold in the market. Sources Case RJ, Tucker AO, Maciarello MJ, and Wheeler KA. 2003. Chemistry and ethnobotany of commercial incense copals copal Economic Botany 57(2):189-202.blanco, copal oro, and copal negro, of North America.Gifford EK. 2013. Organic and Inorganic Chemical Characterization of Artifacts from the Emanuel Point Shipwrecks. Pensacola: University of West Florida.Lona NV. 2012. Objects made of copal resin: a radiological analysis. Boletà ­n de la Sociedad Geolà ³gica Mexicana 64(2):207-213.Lucero-Gà ³mez P, Mathe C, Vieillescazes C, Bucio L, Belio I, and Vega R. 2014. Analysis of Mexican reference standards for Bursera spp. resins by Gas Journal of Archaeological Science 41(0):679-690. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and application to archaeological objects.Penney D, Wadsworth C, Fox G, Kennedy SL, Preziosi RF, and Brown TA. 2013. Absence PLoS ONE 8(9):e73150. of ancient DNA in sub-fossil insect inclusions preserved in ‘anthropocene’ Colombian copal.

The Cardiovascular System Responses During Submaximal...

INTRODUCTION Information on cardiovascular differences between the sexes is necessary for allied health professionals to best adapt rehabilitation exercises for the patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The cardiovascular system has to adjust in response to metabolic demands of working muscles during exercise. Gender-related differences on how the body meets the increased demands while still maintaining homeostatic arterial blood pressure has been widely researched (CITE). There is some support that vaso-regulation differences are due to female sex hormones (estrogen, in particular estradiol), and less sympathetic nervous system influence when compared to males (CITE). Additionally, body composition (higher muscle mass in males) and substrate utilisation (more lipid substrate utilisation in females) have been found to have significant effects on the cardiovascular system responses during submaximal exercise (CITE). Upper body exercise has been found to create more stress on the cardiovasc ular system compared to lower body exercise (CITE). The primary causes of death in the Australian population are directly or indirectly related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (CITE). Although, men are at greater risk for developing CVD, women have been found to have a higher morbidity rate post-surgery (CITE). Additionally, the presentation of symptoms for female differs to that of their male counterparts (CITE). Thus, further investigation to better understand the differencesShow MoreRelatedHealth And Fitness Criteria For Cardiovascular Diseases5543 Words   |  23 Pageswill memorize the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases. Comprehension 1. The student will estimate and calculate heart rate, mean axis deviation, and rhythms from ECG strip. 2. The student will interpret basic principles of 12-lead ECG, fitness assessments, exercise testing, and exercise prescription techniques. Application 1. The student will be able to determine if doctor approval is needed in order to prescribe an exercise program and determine if medical supervision

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My Senior Year Story My Senior Year Story - 2049 Words

Senior Year My senior year story, 7:35 am, when I get in the door ways of Clever High i see the band already putting up posters even though know one really joins.†Jordyn† I turn my head to see Maddie running towards me, she had just gotten out of rehab for her drug and alcohol addiction. Behind her was Rose , Rose was always pretending to be ok even though we all knew that she was getting raped by her dad at home. I always offered her a place to stay but she would never take it for some reason. â€Å"Hey babes† i said screaming down the hallway. â€Å" Have you seen Claire or Hyper†, Maddie says i could tell she had been drinking her breath reeked from Vodka. â€Å"No, have you been drinking† is say nervously â€Å" just a little to get the day started† she†¦show more content†¦We walked in to fist hour all together and Mr. Philips already had assigned seating, â€Å"Miss Hyper cant believe your on time today he says with a surprised face â€Å"cant believe you lost wait† Hyper mumbled rolling her eyes. Mr.Philps assigned me to sit by back, chance and jasmine. Jasmine and i were like best friends in middle school but when the popular train came she got on and i stayed at the train station. I remember saying hi to her in the hallway but she act like she didnt hear me. â€Å"This class is such a boar† chance said. I had always had a crush on him ever since we had math class last year., i tried so hard to get over him but i could never. â€Å"Youre telling me† becky said , becky is the leader of the LGBT group at school.Shes the girl that wears those â€Å"im a proud lesbian† shirts to school. â€Å"Hey Jordyn† jasmine says trying to be friendly. I grin a little and wave my hand like shes far away. â€Å"So are you going to my party to night?† Jasmine says â€Å"its a school night though† i say hoping no one else heard me. â€Å"So what its ditch day anyway tomorr ow and plus my parents are going out of town.† the typical high school popular kid when their parents go out of town. â€Å"I guess so† i said seaming uninterested but inside i was jumping up and down. â€Å"Good there will be really hot boy there trust me.† after 1st hour Hyper, Rose, Maddie and I go to our special series which is aka for a counseling help class that they try to make seem like a supportShow MoreRelatedHonoring The Elderly s Ministry1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of â€Å"Honoring the Elderly in Ministry,† is to include them in the core ministries of the church. Incorporating the seniors/elderly into the life of the church requires careful examination of the facets of the church life. 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A Civilization That Used Propaganda And Control Its People...

Another civilization that used propaganda to control its people is ancient Egypt. Between 2450 BCE and 2250 BCE, Egyptian elders wrote documents offering advice to their successors. One of these documents was written by the pharaoh, Wahkare, to his son, and another one was written by chief advisor, Ptah-hotep, to Egyptian citizens. These documents were a form of propaganda, and they were important because they instructed Egyptians to obey their pharaohs and their superiors, keeping social order, and keeping the powerful in power. In these documents, the elders instruct their successors to â€Å"[do] right for the king until death† (Egyptian Elders’ Advice to their Successors, MyHistoryLab, P. 27). The documents sought to keep rebels and revolutionaries’ voices suppressed so that Egyptian tradition would persist and Egypt would remain powerful. The elders warn their successors that â€Å"a talker is an exciter of a city [and to] divert the multitude and suppress its heat† (Egyptian Elders’ Advice to their Successors, MyHistoryLab, P. 23). The elders insist that their successors do not listen to a man with radical new ideas, but instead â€Å"copy [their] fathers and [their] ancestors† (Egyptian Elders’ Advice to their Successors, MyHistoryLab, P. 23). These documents reveal that Egyptian elders had great love for their empire and wanted to see their traditions live on after them. In one of these documents, the elder states that â€Å"a man works for him who was before him, through a desire thatShow MoreRelatedAchievements and Weaknesses of the Middle Kingdom and Its Downfall1316 Words   |  6 PagesIn Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom is seen as one of its finest ages. This is because it was a time of ‘expanding political strength’ and ‘broader economic horizons’[1]. 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The Mad Woman in the Attic-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analytical Study review any Film Play Performance, or a Pieces of Creative Writing. Answer: The Victorian era has witnessed a lot of remarkable changes in the thought process of female writers. The position of the women was challenged and they were analyzed from a different of view. It was first time seen after the romantic age that the patriarchal society was targeted and a new revolution came into being which is known as the feminist revolution. The rage of feminism came as a blow to the patriarchal society. The contributors of the revolution were eminent feminist writers like Charlotte Bronte, Virginia Woolf, Mary Shelley, Emily Bronte, George Eliot and many other female writers. The essay majorly consists of the comparison of Jane Eyre with The Mad woman in the Attic. Mad Woman in the Attic was written by Gilbert and Gubar. This piece was the outcome of the inspiration of the character of Bertha Mason by Charlotte Bronte. Both the movies were the adaptation of the novels. The movies have portrayed a good picture of the novels. The stereotypical thought of treating the w oman was altered in the movie. The character of the woman in the Mad Woman in the Attic was in line with the character of Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre. The feminist point of view was highlighted in the movie. The similarity in the movie, the mad woman in the attic and Jane Eyre, lies in the similarity of the character of Bertha Mason of Jane Eyre. The comparison lies in the fact that both the characters are treated as an insane character. The character of Bertha Mason in the Jane Eyre and Mad Woman in the Attic the protagonist has been treated as the typical Victorian-era women who are found to be relatable with every woman who has been viewed by some other woman who has served as the emblem of early feminist characterizations. The most remarkable character in both the movies is Bertha Mason. She is also known as the most problematic character. She is the first wife of Rochester who is the male protagonist of the play. Within the entire time period of the movie no special account of herself was found. Her madness was evident in the movie. Her madness was the primary evident when her husband Rochester brought her back to England (Schulz and Youn 2016). It was then that her condition starte d getting deteriorated. The viewers get to see her in the worst form when her voice was less heard and she found to express herself through her rebellious actions. In the initial part of the movie she is audible only through her strange laughs and screams and incomprehensive babbling. She is made visible in the movie only in term of ghostly apparitions. There was one instance in the movie where she was lying on the bed and she gazed at Jane with a ghostly look. She attempted to set fire on Rochester`s bed. Bertha appears in the novel in the later half. The truth about her madness was revealed in the latter half of the movie. The sight of Bertha comes into the picture when the marriage of Rochester and Jane was stopped by Bertha. The only direct sight of Bertha comes into the picture when the second marriage of Rochester and Jane was about to occur (Poore 2016). There is a difference between being insane and mad. Charlotte Bronte portrayed Bertha as an insane woman in her novel. In the movie Bertha Mason was an insane lady who was not in her senses. In the movie, the Mad Woman in the Attic, the protagonist was portrayed as a mad woman. The fine line between mad and insane was mixed. The reason behind this was the background of the age that was the nineteenth century. The aspects of the Victorian age were prevalent in both the movies. Bertha was portrayed as the burden of Rochester. This was the common trait of the Victorian age (Johnson 2014). The revolt of Bertha signified the revolt of the female writers. The uprising of the female writers signified their revolt against the patriarchal society through their writings. The movie showcases the entire scenario of the Victorian era. The concept of sanity, insanity is prevalent in the movie. Bertha is placed in the both the movies in the position insane. In mad women in the attic, she is placed in the position of a mad woman. In the latter movie she is dysfunctional and biologically stated as a mad woman. She has been portrayed as a mad and ghostly woman whose actions are like a ghost and this add up to the gothic feature of the movie. The gothic feature has been portrayed in both the movies (Verheul and Hartmann 2016). However Bertha in Mad woman in the attic acted as a symbol of more generalizing the sense in which the female voice was often silenced or muffled in the nineteenth century both in the society and in literature. It is seen as an uncomfortable and disturbing voice (Tweed 2014). The voice of Bertha in the movie acts as the voice against the men who is against the truth and who do not wish to acknowledge the same. In the movie many critics reviewed and argued that the silence of Bertha has been perpetuated in another sense, by the ways in which a male-dominated literary history has tended to either demote the writings of women to a lower rank or to ignore all b ut very few of the many women from the Victorian age. The reason of this can be thought that it was the wish of the movie directors and the script writers to not make the voice of Bertha Mason audible to the rest world (Hood 2014). The movie can however be argued from the feminist point of view. The movie however moves around the life of an orphaned girl. Jane is the real protagonist of the movie who struggles to get over certain external and internal battles. She comes up to accept that she fell in love with her employer Mr. Rochester who was double her age. Her life turns upside down when she came to know about the ex-wife of Rochester. The more surprising thing for her was that the mad state of mind of his wife. The character of Jane has been portrayed in the movie as a groundbreaking, rebellious (Hillsburg 2017). On the contrary the character of Bertha has been termed as more rebellious and violent. She has been termed as crazy and mad. Eventually Bertha was found committing suicide and Jane married Rochester. One interesting part of the movie is that in spite of the fact that Bertha was an important figure in the movie, there was no single dialogue of her in the movie. In the movie Bertha did not speak a single word. In the movie the character of Bertha has been portrayed as a flesh-eating creature. The laugh of the character is like a demon and many critics have stated that there was something really mad about her. One school of critics opined that the reason behind this was the years of loneliness. The isolation of Bertha was the major reason behind her action. The bestial image of Bertha has been formed though there has been no proof of it. In the movie Bertha seeks to attain emancipation that was snatched away from her. Through her suicide she rejects the confinement that was imposed on her. The voice of Bertha represented the voice of many other women of the age (Fraser 2015). On the other hand the directors of the mad woman in the attic argued that Bertha Mason`s madness has been attributed to her features, `red eyes`, `black hairs`. The actor who portrayed the role of Bertha in the movie had attractive black hairs and red eyes. Her portrayal as an insane bestial woman is further problematic as a case of racial prejudice. It has been however noticed that the White Victorian Women possibly could not go mad. The movie therefore avoids the fact that people from all cultures would essentially have anger resulting in irrational behavior if suppressed by society and treated as a passive, second class citizen (Williams 2014). The directors of the film described Bertha as a woman of Creole descent. Even there were rumors regarding the presence of a strange woman in the house. The woman was no one nut Bertha Mason. The rumor was presented in the form of truth. This concept can be related to the idea that madness is usually reserved for women that do not conform to the Victorian code of conduct (Matta 2015). The movie contained a detailed narrative about the `Wide Sargasso Sea`. It becomes impossible to not see through the implied madness of Bertha but giving no account of it and no voice to her. The treatment of the director towards both the characters conform to the idea of having an essential madwoman or devil in the house, in order to affirm to the other woman`s status as `angel of the house` (Coon and Hassan 2015). The gothic romance attracts everyone with a deep tidal force. Part of the feeling of watching a gothic movie is the eroticism squirming to escape from just beneath the surface. The plot has been set on the gothic background. The background of the movie was set in the gothic environment. The dark hero of the story is not Rochester that is for sure. The twenty-year old Australian born Mia Wasikowska gives a self-possessed performance in the leading role as Jane Eyre in the movie. She carries the appropriate style of Jane Eyre, with the bonnets and the middle-parting and fiercely self-deprecatory references to her own plainness as only a sensationally beautiful film star can (Woodcock 2014). Michael Fassbender plays the role of Rochester with a measured observant intensity which mirrors Wasikowska`s Jane. The treatment of other famously dramatic episodes that is the wedding scene and the outcome of Bertha Mason is rather brisk and especially compared with the unhurried way the rest of t he film dwells on the countryside, and Jane`s extremely lonely and frustrated place in it (Butler 2014). On the contrary the movie Mad Woman in the Attic, the quest women had in order to overcome their anxiety and be successful in the public world. Some of the quest hat has been portrayed in the movie are mimicry, revision and hiding. In the movie the director did the task of recovering the body of female literature as well the neglected female history that is clearly reflected in it. The attention to the patriarchal dominance and the liberal power of the creativity of women has been highlighted in the movie. The neglected women and the concept of male chauvinism are projected in the movie (Smith 2014). The oppression of the males against the females is brought out in the movie. The mental sickness is thought to be devilish. This is the case only for women. The sickness of a woman brought her moral down. This made her an immoral woman. The movie however focused more on the rebellion of the woman than the oppression. The attic was the space of escape for Bertha. The movie clearly brought out the raising of the voice of women. It was a hard hit to the entire Victorian age. It came as a hard blow to the male society and the breaking of the stereotypical thoughts (Brown 2017). Therefore while summing up the review and concluding the essay this can be mentioned that the breaking of the stereotypical thought was the ultimate aim of both the movies. The common content of both the movies was the empowerment of the feminist thought that was represented in the novel itself. Therefore, the character of Bertha Mason was a challenging character in the history of the Victorian era. The Victorian era was completely projected in the movie. Both the movies applied the theory of feminist to establish the character of Bertha and to prove the point that women were treated either as the devil or as angel. There was the belief that if the thought of woman did not match with the society she was considered to be insane. The rebel was a strong one in the movie and it was brought out in a marvelous manner. References Brown, C.A., 2017. Introduction: Women, Writing, Madness: Reframing Diaspora Aesthetics. InMadness in Black Womens Diasporic Fictions(pp. 1-16). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Butler, K., 2014. Kristeva, Intertextuality, and Re-imagining" The Mad Woman in the Attic".Studies in the Literary Imagination,47(1), pp.129-147. Coon, E. and Hassan, A., 2015. Did the" Woman in the Attic" in Jane Eyre have Huntington Disease?(S44. 005).Neurology,84(14 Supplement), pp.S44-005. Fraser, R., 2015. The Woman Questionand Charlotte Bront.Bront Studies,40(4), pp.314-319. Hillsburg, H., 2017. Mental Illness and the Mad/woman: Anger, Normalcy, and Liminal Identities in Mary McGarry Morriss A Dangerous Woman.Journal of Literary Cultural Disability Studies,11(1), pp.1-16. Homans, M., 2015. Jane Eyre, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and the Varieties of Nineteenth-century Feminism.Literature and the Development of Feminist Theory, p.27. Hood, M., 2014. Mad Woman in the Attic. Johnson, H.E., 2014." This face with that mask":" Jane Eyre", Bertha, and the mirror(Doctoral dissertation, University of Alaska Anchorage). Matta, M., 2015. From Madwoman in the Attic'to Queer Stranger in the Closet': Sexuality and Migration at the.Dislocating Globality: Deterritorialization, Difference and Resistance,40(1), p.97.. Poore, B., 2016. Karen E. Laird. The Art of Adapting Victorian Literature, 18481920: Dramatizing Jane Eyre, David Copperfield, and The Woman in White. Schulz, J.L. and Youn, J., 2016. Monsters and Madwomen? Neurosis, Ambition and Mothering in Women Lawyers in Film.Law, Culture and the Humanities, p.1743872116673162. Smith, A., 2016. Meet My Wife: Bertha Mason as the Abject in Jane Eyre and its 2011 Film Translation.LURe,6(1). Smith, K., 2014. The Attic of My Grandmother's Subconscious:Whiteness,Illegitimacyand Migration in Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea and Honor Ford-Smith's Grandma's Estate.Women: A Cultural Review,25(3), pp.287-304. Tweed, H., 2014. Review of The Madwoman and the Blindman.Disability Studies Quarterly,34(1). Verheul, S.W.M. and Hartmann, A.R., 2016.Male and Female Viewers perception of the degree of emotion expressed via body Language and prosody in two film adaptations of Jane Eyre(Bachelor's thesis). Williams, C.E., 2014. " She Was Not Even Normal": Unreliable Narratives Of Female Insanity In Jane Eyre, Rebecca, And Wide Sargasso Sea. Woodcock, D.M., 2014.Becoming Bertha: The sociomedical discourse behind the madwoman in the attic(Doctoral dissertation, College of Charleston).

Accounting Information System for Systems Development Life Cycle

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information Systemfor Systems Development Life Cycle. Answer: Introduction The SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle), also referred as application development life cycle, is a term employed in the information systems, systems engineering, and software engineering to narrate a procedure for creating, planning, deploying, and testing an information system. It implies a series of steps that are usable in the development of an application, whether hardware or software or both. The goal behind this is to finish the transformation to a fresh application and disregard the traditional system. In other words, the traditional methods are not very effective and hence, a variation is highly required. Such a variation can be very effective in producing the desired outcomes but it must complete within an appropriate duration in order to obtain such desired outcomes (Alwan, 2016). Factors that Contribute to Failed System of Payroll The Healthcare industry comprises of several people, procedures, and other services offered by the pharmacies, hospitals, and diagnosis centers etc. Due to such reasons, Healthcare industries are significantly different in comparison to other industries notwithstanding the fact that whether it is a private or public sector. Furthermore, it not only relies on the nature of the industry but size and concentration of industries are also the reason behind the differences. The fact that a healthcare industry comprises of huge procedures and activities, the comparison with other industries becomes very simple. In the Southern Hemisphere, the project disintegration of the Queensland Health Implementation was one of the most expensive. It costed approximately AU$1.25 billion due to such disintegration. The key reason behind this failure is attributable to several factors. Besides, the major stakeholders associated with the project involved CorpTech, IBM, and Queensland Health. The first factor was the selection of IBM as the major contractor of the project. An agreement that information regarding the project to be disposable to every project bidders on an equal basis, was for some uncertain reasons, not efficiently obeyed. The Director of the project passed on few extra details to IBM, thereby assisting it to obtain a competitive advantage over other stakeholders and hence, receiving the allotment of project. The passing on of extra information was clearly immoral in nature because it violates the policies established by the government. For an effective implementation of a project, the roles and responsibilities of the associated team must be clear so that it does not result in an effective operation (Sheilds, 2005). However, it is notable that even though the project initiated, the responsibilities and roles were understandable. The healthcare industry serves people in a variety of ways ranging from their safety to their well-being. Moreover, it purposes to appropriately look after the people and offer hospitality (Coker, 2014). These necessities are not adequately complied by the implementation of system development life cycle. The complications involved within the project can be attributable to factors like complication of system, complication of the industry, and complication of client-consultant connections. Besides, as there are varied systems, they pursue their own characteristics and hence, such complications arise as a result (Mehdi, 2006). Defects and Risks Queensland adopted the arrangement utilized by the Department of Justice in relation to SAP HR and based on this the target goals were set. When IBM got the project allotment, further planning in the October 2008 depicted an underrating of the complications and hence led towards excess time consumption and increment in expenses. In short, from the beginning stage, the necessary requirements of the business did not match up to the expectations and hence created a negative effect. The risk associated with the implementation of Payroll software in Queensland was devastating because trials were not appropriate and proper testing in bigger government agencies with more complications were also missing. As a result, various problems occurred because testing on a very small scale held. Moreover, it is notable that the pilot program is necessary to operate on a massive scale. However, this requirement failed in the case of Queensland, thereby generating huge risks (Peter et. al, 2013). After the first test, inconsistencies of worth AU$1.2 million arose and the second test that followed also resulted in an inconsistency of worth AU$30000. Even though these inconsistencies prevailed, Queensland neglected these and decided to Go Live without the full completion of other test modules. In relation to Go Live, it is further notable that several of the employees did not receive their entire payment or received inadequate payments. As the structure of wages and number of employees varied, utilization of WorkBrain could have assisted in the simplification of interface between a fresh system of Payroll and SAP but Queensland failed to adopt such measures. These were only the technical complications faced by Queensland. Apart from these, many other factors created further complications. Firstly, an industrial strike that led towards the resignation of several employees because of extreme chaos within the project activities. Secondly, the layoff by Queensland of a significant number of employees resulted in various issues and played a role in the facilitation of industrial strike (KPMG, 2012). Classification of Factors As mentioned-above, various factors create complications even in the beginning stages. Therefore, the classification of these is as follows: The matter of selection of IBM as the major contractor falls in the classification of preliminary analysis where descriptions of the requirements of an organization are available and analysis and classification of the suggested alternative answers are did through a cost benefit analysis. Prejudices in the process of tendering are also a key complication (KPMG, 2012). The definition of Requirements must be in such a way that information of difficulties and opportunities of adopting companies and operative areas are crucial not only for the assurance of system performance but also for briefing the implementation scope. There has to prevail an appropriate documentation of the necessary requirements that Queensland failed to adopt, thereby facing failures (Chugh Gandhi, 2013). Since each project is rare, it must be understandable from their particular viewpoints. Furthermore, each of these viewpoints has their own advantages and disadvantages and therefore, a logical or proper functioning must prevail. Utilization of arrangements of one project over the other creates a failure in phase two that is definition of Requirements and System Analysis. The consistent sequence of steps that one must follow in this phase consists of inspection of already existing systems, collection of facts and evaluation of the suggested system. Over-crossing of the proposed budget and over schedule are also few examples of massive failures in the planning processes (Weistroffer et. al, 2010). In relation to this, the strategy adopted by the Department of Public Housing is not so complicated when compared to the ones adopted by Queensland. This is because the pay structures in the strategy of Department of Public Housing are very flexible and simple. Furthermore, the strategy adop ted by Queensland included 24000 kinds of combinations of the pay structures that indicates complication in the wage structures, thereby resulting into devastating results. The prevalence of infinite awards also played a role in creation of various complexities and therefore, it is impossible to determine (KPMG, 2012). The Testing and integration stages are not complete because testing of the overtime and casual claims are incomplete for the appropriate requirements definition. As a result, the existence of bugs, errors, and other inefficacies are unable to eliminate (Siraj et. al 2011). The allotment of project to IBM is attributable to the key configuration of WorkBrain but even the actual implementation of this configuration was missing and as a result, a significant failure generated. The main responsibility of the WorkBrain was to deport and process timesheets from the requirements of SAP into requirements of a format acceptable by the financial institutions. Moreover, as WorkBrain did not employ complications like system maintenance, testing, up gradation etc, it resulted in an enhancement of data quality (KPMG, 2012). The absence of such an effective system in Queensland created infinite difficulties. Despite huge inefficacies in the Go Live payments, abandoning of the systems did not occur. This clearly signifies that the systems of installation, acceptance, and movement were also a major failure and in a very topsy-turvy situation. The exertion of pressure upon Go Live eliminated the likelihoods of a collateral testing procedure. Although the categorization of the complications or flaws was initially at four, yet there was a reclassification because of the variation in the requirements and these flaws were not fixable due to the decision of Go Live that resulted in a messy situation. Therefore, it is observable that various complications existed because of faulty planning, poor management, and improper understanding of complications. Recommendations Although overruns of expenses and time are representative in the healthcare industries, insufficiencies in the processing of orientation and complications resulted in the failure of the Payroll system of Queensland, thereby becoming the worst illustration in relation to the same. The requirements of an effective methodology of the projects are highly in need so that the complications are easily avoidable (Dezdar Ainin, 2011). Until the year June 2009, proper structures of governance were missing and as a result, the roles and responsibilities of each of the team were unknown. In order to achieve efficient and smooth outcomes, compliance of SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) is very necessary (Rud, 2009). Organizations must be eloquent enough to employ an accurate measure of implementation, conduct a significant level of testing prior to the reaching of Go Lives decision, employ a perfect methodology of project management, and regularly communicate with each of the groups of stake holders for better outcomes (Chugh Gandhi, 2013). In relation to this, it is notable that communication is very crucial because attaining of project governance is possible if and only if there is proper communication level between consultant, client, and vendors. When information is provided in a transparent manner it leads to better projection of the information and helps in attaining better position. Furthermore, the absence of appropriate documentation strategy also results in operative issues and acceptance issues that pave ways for complications to enhance (KPMG, 2012). In relation to healthcare industries, it must be observable that every patient is special and unforeseeable and therefore, approximately more than half of the healthcare organizations have boycotted the IS systems in their organization as it leads towards complete failures. But, it is notable that maximum proportion of such failures are attributable to the absence of appropriate management measures, weak project management, ineffective communication betwixt the group of shareholders and other technical flaws like absence of proper requirements definition and weak testing of systems (Olsen, 2012). Queensland accommodated all of these flaws and therefore suffered massive difficulties. Moreover, the system of WorkBrain would have been more appropriate. Conclusion From the above-mentioned discussion, the relevance of planning, collateral testing, and communication policies are clearly understandable. In addition, lessons regarding implementation, Go Live, and testing of the project is also very important. Besides, a proper methodology must be in place so that complications are avoidable (Kimball, 2008). Furthermore, because of the requirements of numerous ranking and numerous sub-projects, a massive problem faced by Queensland in relation to inappropriate implementation of payroll project. Recognition of prime areas of reform and addition of numerous layers of governance policy took place. Hence, apart from economical and technical flaws, the failure of this project also connects with the entire nation and industry. References Alwan, M. (2016). What is System Development Life Cycle? Accessed September 22, 2016 from https://airbrake.io/blog/insight/what-is-system-development-life-cycle Chugh, R Gandhi, S. (2013). Why Business Intelligence? Significance of Business Intelligence tools and integrating BI governance with corporate governance. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(2), 1-14. Coker, F. (2014).Pulse: Understanding the Vital Signs of Your Business. Ambient Light Publishing, 4(3), 4142. Dezdar, S., Ainin, S. (2011). The Influence of Organizational Factors on Successful ERP Implementation. Management Decisions 49(6), 911-926 Kannampallil, T.G., Schauer, G.F., Cohen, T., Patel, V.L. (2011). Considering Complexity in Healthcare Systems. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 44(6), 943-947. Kimball, R. (2008).The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit. Wiley. KPMG. (2012). Queensland Health: Review of the Queensland Health Payroll System. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://delimiter.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/KPMG_audit.pdf Mehdi, K.P. (2006). Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology. Management. Idea Group. Olsen, E. (2012). Strategic Planning Kit for Dummies. John Wiley Sons. Peter R, Alaa S, Aladdin A. (2013). Business Intelligence and Performance Management: Theory, Systems, and Industrial Applications, Springer Verlag U.K Rud, O. (2009).Business Intelligence Success Factors: Tools for Aligning Your Business in the Global Economy. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley Sons. Sheilds, M.G. (2005). E-Business and ERP: Rapid Implementation and Project Planning. John Wiley and Sons. Siraj, S., Mikhailov, L. and Keane, J. A. (2011). Priests: an interactive decision support tool to estimate priorities from pairwise comparison judgments. Research, 12(4), 45-61 Weistroffer, HR, Smith, CH Narula, SC. (2010). Multiple criteria decision support software. Oxford University Press