Natureview Farm Case Study Essay Example

Natureview Farm Case Study Paper Established in 1989, Natureview Farm, Inc. is a little yogurt producer. The current supervisory crew comprises of, Barry Landers, CEO, Jim Wagner, CFO, Christine Walker, VP of promoting, Walter Bellini, VP of deals, Jack Gottlieb, VP of activities, and Kelly Riley, colleague showcasing chief. In 1997, Natureview got value from an investment firm to help support key ventures. With legitimate administration and important vital speculations, Natureview had the option to develop its income from under $100,000 in 1989 to $13M in 1999. The issue the current supervisory group is confronted with now, in mid 2000, is that the funding firm needs to money out and Natureview needs to discover another speculator or position itself for obtaining. So as to do as such, Natureview needs to expand its yearly income from $13M to $20M, before the finish of 2001. NaturevieWs achievement in the normal nourishments channel is because of its accentuation on common fixings and its solid notoriety for high caliber and incredible taste. The exceptional procedure and normal fixings utilized by Natureview brings about a special mooth, velvety surface and a normal timeframe of realistic usability of 50 days versus its rivals items that have a multi day time span of usability. Extra supporters of its prosperity were the extension of extra flavors and cup sizes, solid associations with driving normal food retailers, and gorilla promoting strategies. Natureview entered the market with 8-oz. furthermore, 32-oz. cup sizes of plain and vanilla yogurt. They presently offer 12 flavors in 8-oz. cup size which speaks to 86% of income, and 4 flavors in 32-oz. up size ontributing 14% of income. At present, NaturevieWs items are just accessible in characteristic evolved way of life stores, and Natureview has solid associations with the main two, Whole Foods and Wild Oats. Sanctioned with the troublesome undertaking of building up a methodology to accomplish $20M in incomes before the finish of 2001 , the supervisory group created t hree alternatives for thought. The primary choice, suggested by Walter Bellini, is to venture into two select grocery store channel areas (eastern and western) with six SKUs of its 8-oz. roduct line. The preservationist projections of deals for this choice of 35 million units will bring about a steady $16. 1M of income (net makers offering cost after channels to advertise markup) coming about in roughly $29. 070M in yearly incomes. The subsequent choice, suggested by Jack Gottlieb, is to extend four SKUs of the 32-oz. size broadly. The projections of deals for this alternative of 5. 5 million units will bring about a gradual $9. 240M of income coming about in around $22. 214M in yearly incomes. We will compose a custom article test on Natureview Farm Case Study explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Natureview Farm Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Natureview Farm Case Study explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The third choice suggested by Kelly Riley, is to xpand its essence in the characteristic food channel by presenting two SKUs of another childrens multi-pack product offering, which is a six pack of 4-oz. cups. The projections of deals for this choice of 1. 8 million units will bring about a steady $3. 186M of income coming about in roughly $16. 317M in yearly incomes. In both the first and subsequent choice, venture into the general store channel may cause channel strife for Natureview and hazard to its 24% of yogurt deals through the characteristic food channel. Retail grocery store costs are commonly 15% lower than the normal food hannel which may constrain NaturevieWs customary channel to bring down their costs or general store channel presently could have longer term sway since market retailers will probably approve just a single natural yogurt brand, giving the principal brand to enter the channel a noteworthy first-mover advantage. Extra favorable circumstances to the first and subsequent choice are that grocery stores sold 97% of all yogurts overwhelmed by 46% of natural food shoppers buying from a market, contrasted with 29% at a characteristic food channel. Extra dangers of entering the general store channel are the ayment of one-time opening expenses of $10,000 per SKU per retail chain, steady SGA and publicizing costs, substantial dependence on specialists information on limited time and promoting prerequisites and a concentrated market with four driving contenders where the main two speak to over half of the market. Explicit to choice one, extra points of interest are the 8-oz. yogurt cups speak to 74% of all out classification grocery store deals in US dollars developing at a pace of 3% every year. Extra favorable circumstances of alternative two are in 32-oz. ogurt cups the most significant buy riteria were brand, lapse date, and value, giving Natureview a bit of leeway with its multi day normal time span of usability and the normal gross overall revenue of 43. 6% versus 36. 0% for 8-oz. line. Points of interest to choice three are absence of interruption to existing connections; the multi-pack spoke to 9% of class deals and is dev eloping by more than 12. 5%, and potential to return most grounded benefit commitment of the considerable number of methodologies illustrated. The drawback with alternative three is that the organization won't hit its income objective. As I would see it, the organization should seek after alternative one, since n request to draw in a financial specialist or get obtained, the yearly income creation of $20M is required. In spite of some potential divert struggle and decrease in existing common channel deals, alternative one would in any case permit them to accomplish this objective. Other common food brands including Silk Soymilk and Amys Organic Foods have had demonstrated accomplishment in the general store channel, expanding incomes 200% inside two years. Natureview may encounter a similar accomplishment by being the main natural yogurt item in store retail stores.

Valuing a Website Before You Sell :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Esteeming a Website Before You Sell Reproduced with authorization of VotanWeb.com There is most likely no piece of the purchasing procedure that stresses a potential purchaser more than overpaying for a site. While this is justifiable (who needs to pay more than something is worth), it has more to do with falsehood and one's all out way to deal with purchasing a site than it does to being a specialist at examinations. In all actuality, esteem is totally emotional. All things considered, what one site might be worth to you is altogether not quite the same as what it is worth to the following individual. While there are situations where individuals may not arrange the most ideal cost for a decent site you should realize that no cost is sufficiently modest on the off chance that you purchase an inappropriate site. In time, a decent site will consistently legitimize the price tag though a terrible one may not ever permit you to recoup monetarily. What is Value? More or less, esteem must be estimated by what you are receiving as an end-result of your cash. You need to liken the price tag against the advantages you will determine over the term wherein you can sensibly hope to possess the site. For instance, you can't just quantify the price tag against the pay that you will get from a particular site. Shouldn't something be said about the day by day satisfactions you will get from working for yourself? Or then again, the feeling of achievement you will feel from building something? Possibly, the delight you will get from adding to the lives of others (for example representatives). Maybe it will originate from realizing that from the drudges of your work you have had the option to give certain things to your family that you would never at any point consider in the event that you were working for another person. A decent site will give bounteous compensations to you so with the end goal for you to genuinely gauge a website’s esteem you n eed to consider the entirety of the advantages that you remain to pick up. Likewise, you should factor in what you would never have accomplished on the off chance that you don't start a new business for yourself. Consider it along these lines: the normal individual takes 30 years to result a home loan and 4 years to take care of a vehicle. Neither one of these will pay you a compensation. While the two of them have their advantages, neither one of the ones approaches what you can get from a decent site most definitely.

Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Research paper Example Tragically, the certainty of the task and earnestness of my educator constrained me to put aside a few nights to contemplate your book. I never realized that it would have such an enduring effect in my life. A few pages down from the spread page were sufficient motivation to catch my consideration in totality. It was past my wild creative mind that a hard of hearing individual like you could be magnificently talented to concoct such a piece. As disparaging as this past explanation may sound, I should state that I for one don't peruse much from it as you have instructed me to value your instituted idea of â€Å"deafhood.† And since your book looked to persuade radical segments, I being incorporated, that hard of hearing networks are a long way from being objects of pity and generosity, I decide to view the hard of hearing society similarly as any culture as I even delve further into your book. As a youngster I have consistently attempted to make sense of what life as a Deaf individual is about. Strolling down the avenues you meet innumerable individuals with changed outward appearance. Some of them have grinning faces; others grimaced, while others show no feeling. Likewise, you experience individuals with various inabilities, for example, visually impaired, weak, among numerous others. Be that as it may, there is this extraordinary gathering you may never realize their incapacity not except if someone murmurs to your ears or you see them continually making some â€Å"funny† motions. I am discussing the hard of hearing individuals. Without a doubt the predicament of the hard of hearing is unfathomable. It is difficult for them to speak with greater part bunches as the dominant part bunch doesn't comprehend their language and neither do they comprehend the language of the lion's share gathering. Critical, however, the dominant part bunches can comprehend the language of the hard of hearing, yet the dead don't be able to comprehend the language of the larger part. It is at such cases that I generally stop and wonder why our strategy creators have neglected to perceive sign

Bending Stresses in a T-Beam Experiment free essay sample

Sensible and unquestionable examination results †¢ Optional TecQuipment’s Structures Software bundle for extra ‘virtual’ tests that reenact and affirm the outcomes from your equipment and permit broadened tests †¢ Optional STR2000 unit including TecQuipment’s Structures Software bundle for programmed information procurement and virtual investigations †¢ One of numerous compatible analysis modules from TecQuipment’s present day, adaptable and costeffective Structures showing framework †¢ Ideal for homeroom exhibits, or understudies working two by two or little gatherings. The trial equipment is a T-pillar that fits onto a Structures Test Frame (STR1, accessible independently). Understudies modify a heap cell that twists the bar and, when associated with the discretionary Digital Force Display (STR1a, accessible independently), it gauges the bowing power (load). Strain checks and a computerized strain connect measure the strains in the shaft. Sham strain measures make up for temperature variety and equalization the strain spans. The gear incorporates a lead for association with the Digital Force Display (STR1a, accessible independently). We will compose a custom paper test on Bowing Stresses in a T-Beam Experiment or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The teacher control gives subtleties of the gear including test try results. The understudy manage portrays how to utilize the hardware and gives test methodology. For extra ‘virtual’ tests, TecQuipment can gracefully the discretionary TecQuipment Structures Software (STRS), for use on a reasonable PC. The virtual analyses recreate the tests that you do with the equipment. They additionally expand the selection of tests than that accessible utilizing just the equipment, for instance: higher burdens, uniform burdens or distinctive test examples. This broadens the student’s learning experience. For programmed information procurement of your test results, TecQuipment can flexibly the discretionary Automatic Data Acquisition Unit (STR2000). Provided as standard with the STR2000 is TecQuipment’s Structures Software that presentations and logs your test results and gives the extra virtual analyses. Bowing Stress in a Beam Fundamental Ancillaries †¢ Structures Test Frame (STR1) †¢ Digital Force Display (STR1a) Recommended Ancillaries †¢ Structures Software (STRS) for virtual analyses or †¢ Automatic Data Acquisition Unit (STR2000) for programmed information procurement and virtual examinations Operating Conditions Operating condition: Laboratory condition Storage temperature run: â€25? C to +55? C (when pressed for transport) Operating temperature extend: +5? C to +40? C Operating relative dampness extend: 80% at temperatures 31? C diminishing straightly to half at 40? C Specification Nett measurements and weight: 880 x 210 x 100 mm, 6. 5 kg Packed measurements and weight: Approximately 0. 75 m3, 8 kg Load.

Existential Clutter

Existential Clutter I remember feeling a sense of dread whenever I returned home: two people sharing four bedrooms, three bathrooms, two living rooms, and one oversized basementâ€"all brimming with stuff. The decorations, the trinkets, the collectionsâ€"the accoutrements of a supposedly successful life cluttered every corner of my home. But it certainly didn’t feel successful. It felt chaotic and overwhelming, and I felt anxious as a result. I didnt realize it at the time, all those years ago, but my material possessions were just a physical manifestation of my internal life. My external clutter was internal clutter on display. Angst, distress, restlessnessâ€"all visible right there in my home. You see, physical clutter is tantamount to visual noise, and sustained noise is crazy-makingâ€"it leads to tension, stress, and despair. Mixed together, my external and internal clutter led ultimately to existential clutterâ€"a crisis of self. And the only way to silence the noise was to let go. In time, I figured out that my full house left little space for solace. But a more empty space is filled with silence. Perhaps, then, a full house isnt fullâ€"its noisy. And an empty space isnt emptyâ€"its full of opportunity. And when we make room for the silence, were able to clean up the emotional, mental, and spiritual clutter that drives us mad. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Rare Disease In America What Is Thyroid Cancer - 2200 Words

Rare Disease In America: What Is Thyroid Cancer? (Research Paper Sample) Content: Students NameInstructors NameTopic: THYROID CANCERDateIntroductionCancer has been one of the most deadly diseases of all time in the history of mankind. Not only has it robbed people's friends and loved ones, it has also robbed the countries of the world some of the most productive people and game changers that have and could have impacted the world in a positive way. Cancer is a disease that has robbed us as people, freedom of what we eat, drink, wear and also activities that we should engage in. it has denied us the freedom of doing what we want because nowadays, it seems majority of what is being used in everyday life contains some cancer causing agents, don't expose yourself too much to the sun, the ultra violet radiations cause cancer, don't eat this type of food, it has chemicals that trigger cancer, and as Milton writes, such actions coupled with genetic inheritance and lifestyle choices being touted as major causes of Cancer (Milton, Page 83). Cancer is just a n animal, wiping away people at very young ages, making life more difficult due to expensive medical bills and treatments. This in turn causes psychological pain and trauma to the affected and their families because the pain is just too much to handle. Its a parasite, eating away the human immunity system slowly by slowly until they die.Statistics show, for instance in the year twenty twelve, eight point two million people died of cancer. In addition to that, about four million people are diagnosed with cancer each year. This is a number approximately equal to the population of a small country say the Vatican being wiped out in a span of three hundred and sixty five days. The leading cancer cases are mostly lung cancer, due to smoking, followed by liver and colorectal then lastly breast cancer. Other than those common cases, thyroid cancer comes into the picture wreaking havoc just like the others even though its a relatively new type of cancer. In this paper, questions about the d isease, the causes, effects and remedies will be discussed just to get a better understanding of what it is all about.Thesis statement: Thyroid cancer is a very rare disease in America, however the rate at which people are being diagnosed with thyroid cancer is growing hence there is cause for alarm in the medical field. Thanks to technological advancements, thyroid cancer cases that were not being detected back then are beginning to be discovered by doctors now, meaning that there is hope for this generation.What is Thyroid cancer?This is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid cells in the thyroid gland. His begs the question what is the thyroid gland? The thyroid gland is a gland located at the front side of the neck, specifically at the bottom of the Adams apple. It is a negligible part of the body because in most cases or people, this gland cant be felt, neither can it be seen. The thyroid has two projections, the left projection and the right projection, that is put tog ether by a narrow tissue called the isthmus. Freedman writes that the primary function of the thyroid gland is to secrete some of the hormones that are responsible in the regulation of the heart rate, temperature regulation, body weight regulation and blood pressure regulation (Freedman, Pg 6).The thyroid works in the following mechanism; there are two primary thyroid cells that make the thyroid functional. One of the cells that take the iodine from the foods we eat and use it to manufacture hormones for the thyroids, which are responsible for metabolic regulation of the human body. These cells are called follicular cells. Excessive secretion of this hormone brings about fast heart rates, insomnia, feeling nervous, abnormal hunger pangs and higher body temperature than usual. On the other hand a little of the thyroid hormones cause a slowing in the metabolic rate, weight gain and exhaustion, the thyroid hormone production is also controlled by a gland called pituitary which is locat ed at the bottom of the brain. These cells are called the follicular cells (Rosenthal, Pg 32).The gland produces the thyroid stimulating hormone that is responsible for the regulation of the thyroid hormone. The second cell found in the thyroid gland is the C cells. The C cell is responsible for the production of another hormone that assists in the regulation of how calcium is used in the body. This hormone is called calcitonin.StatisticsThyroid cancer mostly affects people who are aged thirty and above and also those over sixty years old. Between the two genders, women have the higher chances at the rate of about 3 to one. In nine out of ten people living with papillary carcinoma, there is a lifespan of five years after discovery, eight out of ten with follicular carcinoma too have a lifespan of five years and also sit to seven out of ten with medullary carcinoma also live for five years after the disease is discovered. After treatment as noted in the book Thyroid Cancer, the canc er might recur in another place in the body for instance the lungs and the bones, but this is often treatable when detected earlier (Freedman, Pg 39).Children on the other hand also have a high risk of obtaining thyroid cancer especially those that live near factories that deal with nuclear weapons and energy. Accidents that occur in these plants increase the risk of the children to acquire thyroid cancer. For instance, an incident in nineteen eighty six where thyroid cancer affected lots of children after a fateful accident. Many of them were exposed to radioactive emissions hence the reports got higher during that time. Those children who incorporated high amounts of iodine in their meals are the ones who had reduced risks of thyroid cancer. For the various cases of thyroid cancer, the survival rates are different with survival rates of 96 and 93% for patients with papillary carcinoma, 91 and 85% for follicular, 91 and 76% for Hrthle cell, 80 and 75% for medullary and 14% for undi fferentiated/anaplastic carcinoma (Biersack, H. J, and F Grünwald Pg 9).Causes of thyroid cancerThyroid cancer occurs when there is an abnormal growth of the thyroid cells usually caused by an alteration in the DNA in the thyroid cells, hence producing the lump. These changes causes the cells to mutate that are causing the cells not to die after their lifespan is over, and continued accumulation of the thyroid cells bring up an inflammation called a tumor. These cells then attack tissues near the thyroids and spread to other parts of the body.We might not really conclude that the cause might be as a result of faulty DNA strands form the father or the mother of the child because some of the cancer patients diagnosed with this disease don't have a family record of cancer, though we cannot rule out the fact that it is a risk if there are people with genetic disorders such as familial medullary cancer of the thyroid. The risks of acquiring thyroid cancer are real and some of them in clude, the females, who as earlier mentioned have a higher risk of getting thyroid cancer than men, their likelihood of getting thyroid cancer spans between the age of forty and fifty while men get at the age of around sixty or seventy.There is also the exposition of children or any other person to radiation, especially those that undergo radiotherapy after accidents or in factories that deal with nuclear energy or the testing of weapons. Those undergoing radiotherapy in the head or the neck face the greatest threat due to the location of the thyroid gland (Milton, pg 57).Types of thyroid cancer:There are five types of thyroid cancer which include:Papillary Thyroid Cancer. This type of cancer is caused by the infection of the cells from the follicles which are responsible for the storage and production of the hormones of the thyroids. This is a common type of thyroid cancer and it is called the Papillary thyroid cancer. This form of cancer affects people of all ages, but mostly affe cts persons who are from thirty to fifty years old (Biersack and Grünwald Pg 11).There is a more intense kind of thyroid cancer called the follicular thyroid cancer that also comes from the follicle cells in the thyroid gland. Mostly affects people who are over fifty years, though rare, its considered a deadly type of cancerThyroid cancer that occurs in the C cells which are responsible for the production of calcitonin which aids in the regulation of the use of calcium in the body, this form of cancer is called the medullary thyroid cancer. The high production of the hormone calcitonin is a major indicator of this type of cancer. It is said to be genetic, but this has been discovered in very few cases.There is also another uncommon but deadly form of thyroid cancer called Anaplastic thyroid cancer and it mostly affects the people over sixty years old.The last type of cancer that mostly occurs in some adults is called Thyroid lymphoma that originates from the cells that are at wo rk in the immune system of the thyroid and spreads rapidly in other parts of the body.Signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer:The symptoms of thyroid cancer don't usually appear earlier but one can observe noticeable signs when the cancer begins to develop such as:The occurrence of a lump that is usually visible and can be felt in the skin. This lump grows bigger at a fast rate. Remember the thyroid lobes are very indistinct as one can almost not feel them when one touches the neck muscles. According to Freedman, there is a visible adjustment in ones voice as it becomes husky and hoarse and the hoarseness stays for a very long time. One can also experience a lot of hardship in the s...

Copal, the Blood of Trees Ancient American Incense

Copal is a smoky sweet incense derived from tree sap that was used by ancient North American Aztec and Maya cultures in a range of ritual ceremonies. The incense was made from the fresh sap of trees: copal sap is one of the numerous resinous oils which are harvested from the bark of certain trees or shrubs around the world. Although the word copal derives from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word copalli, copal is today used generically to refer to gums and resins from trees throughout the world. Copal made its way into English by way of a 1577 English translation of the Native American pharmacological traditions compiled by the 16th-century Spanish physician Nicolà ¡s Monardes . This article speaks primarily to North American copals; see Tree Resins and Archaeology for further information about other copals. Using Copal A number of hardened tree resins were used as aromatic incense by most pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures for a variety of rituals. Resins were considered the blood of trees. The versatile resin was also used as a binder for pigments used on Maya murals; in the Hispanic period, copal was used in the lost wax technique of making jewelry. The 16th-century Spanish friar Bernardino de Sahagun reported that the Aztec people used copal as makeup, adhesives for masks, and in dentistry where copal was mixed with calcium phosphate to affix precious stones to teeth. Copal was also used as a chewing gum and a medicine for various ailments. A handful of studies have been conducted on the extensive materials recovered from the Great Temple (Templo Mayor) at the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan. These artifacts were found in stone boxes beneath the buildings or directly buried as part of construction fill. Among the copal-associated artifacts were figurines, lumps and bars of copal, and ceremonial knives with copal adhesive at the base. Archaeologist Naoli Lona (2012) examined 300 pieces of copal found at the Templo Mayor, including about 80 figurines. She discovered they had been made with an inner core of copal, which was then covered with a layer of stucco and formed by a double-sided mold. The figurines were then painted and given paper garments or flags. A Variety of Species Historic references to copal use include the Mayan book the Popol Vuh, which includes a long passage describing how the sun, moon, and stars arrived on earth bringing copal with them. This document also makes it clear that the Maya collected distinct types of resin from different plants; Sahagun has also written that Aztec copal also came from a variety of plants. Most often, American copals are resins from various members of the tropical Burseraceae (torchwood) family. Other resin-bearing plants that are known or suspected of being American sources of copal include Hymenaea, a legume; Pinus (pines or pinyons); Jatropha (spurges); and Rhus (sumac). There are between 35–100 members of the Burseraceae family in the Americas. Bursera are highly resinous and release a characteristic pine-lemony odor when a leaf or branch is broken. Various Bursera members which are known or suspected to have been used in Maya and Aztec communities are B. bipinnata, B. stenophylla, B. simaruba, B. grandifola, B. excelsa, B. laxiflora, B. penicillata, and B. copalifera. All of these generate resins suitable for copal. Gas-chromatography has been used to attempt to resolve the identification issue, but it has proven difficult to identify the specific tree from an archaeological deposit because the resins have very similar molecular compositions. After an extensive study on the examples from the Templo Mayor, Mexican archaeologist Mathe Lucero-Gomez and colleagues believe they have identified an Aztec preference for B. bipinnata and/or B. stenophylla. Varieties of Copal Several varieties of copal are recognized in historic and modern markets in Central and North America, partly based on what plant the resin came from, but also on the harvesting and processing method used. Wild copal, also called gum or stone copal, exudes naturally as a result of invasive insect attacks through the bark of the tree, as greyish drops which serve to plug the holes. Harvesters use a curved knife to cut or scrape the fresh drops off the bark, which are combined into a soft round glob. Other layers of gum are added on until the desired shape and size is achieved. The external layer is then smoothed or polished and subjected to heat to enhance the adhesive properties and consolidate the mass. White, Gold, and Black Copals The favored type of copal is white copal (copal blanco or the saint, penca or agave leaf copal), and it is obtained by making diagonal cuts through the bark into the trunk or branches of a tree. The milky sap flows along the channel of the cuts down the tree to a container (an agave or aloe leaf or a gourd) placed at the foot. The sap hardens in the shape of its container and brought to market without further processing. According to Hispanic records, this form of the resin was used as an Aztec tribute, and pochteca traders transported from the outlying subject provinces to Tenochtitlan. Every 80 days, so it was said, 8,000 packages of wild copal wrapped in maize leaves and 400 baskets of white copal in bars were brought into Tenochtitlan as part of a tribute payment. Copal oro (gold copal) is resin which is obtained by the complete removal of the bark of a tree, and copal negro (black copal) is said to be obtained from beating the bark. Processing Methods Historically, the Lacandà ³n Maya made copal from the pitch pine tree (Pinus pseudostrobus), using the white copal method described above, and then the bars were pounded into a thick paste and stored in large gourd bowls to be burned as incense as food for the gods. The Lacandà ³n also fashioned nodules, shaped like maize ears and kernels: some evidence suggests copal incense was spiritually connected to maize for Maya groups. Some of the copal offerings from Chichen Itzas sacred well were painted greenish blue and embedded pieces of worked jade. The method used by the Maya Chorti included collecting the gum, letting it dry for a day and then boiling it with water for some eight to ten hours. The gum rises to the surface and is skimmed off with a gourd dipper. The gum is then placed into cold water to harden somewhat, then shaped into round, elongated pellets about the size of a cigar, or into disks about the size of a small coin. After it becomes hard and brittle, the copal is wrapped into corn shucks and either used or sold in the market. Sources Case RJ, Tucker AO, Maciarello MJ, and Wheeler KA. 2003. Chemistry and ethnobotany of commercial incense copals copal Economic Botany 57(2):189-202.blanco, copal oro, and copal negro, of North America.Gifford EK. 2013. Organic and Inorganic Chemical Characterization of Artifacts from the Emanuel Point Shipwrecks. Pensacola: University of West Florida.Lona NV. 2012. Objects made of copal resin: a radiological analysis. Boletà ­n de la Sociedad Geolà ³gica Mexicana 64(2):207-213.Lucero-Gà ³mez P, Mathe C, Vieillescazes C, Bucio L, Belio I, and Vega R. 2014. Analysis of Mexican reference standards for Bursera spp. resins by Gas Journal of Archaeological Science 41(0):679-690. Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and application to archaeological objects.Penney D, Wadsworth C, Fox G, Kennedy SL, Preziosi RF, and Brown TA. 2013. Absence PLoS ONE 8(9):e73150. of ancient DNA in sub-fossil insect inclusions preserved in ‘anthropocene’ Colombian copal.